The first regulator was Foliot a horizontally disposed bar whose inertia could be altered by small weights to the beam ends. The unrest was a further development of the Foliot in the form of a circular ring. The early transition regulators were still imperfect, as they were fixed to the inhibition and by their inertia the rotation of the escapement only stabilized.
1656 the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens invented the countdown clock pendulum in its present form, with the improved the accuracy of mechanical countdown clocks dramatically. The Huygens pendant is decoupled from the inhibition and can exert its natural oscillation. 1674 Huygens developed the balance, until today, the final escapement for watches. Energy exchange occurs between the movement of the balance mass and the elastic deformation of the associated helical spring.
As the role of the inhibitions were also the regulator always focus on the quest for horological perfection. In particular, the attempt to compensate for external factors such as air pressure and temperature changes, led to the development of many special designs.
But there were also other solutions with countdown clocks, such as 1595, the ball running watches the chamber watchmaker Christopher Margraf. in machine used continuous speed control with a centrifugal governor was also attempted, proved but for watches (torsion pendulum) to be too vague.
Time display
Face of a wristwatch
24-hour display in Curitiba, Brazil
Versatile display the countdown clock Tower (c. 1920) to Lier (Belgium)
A "Liquid Chronometer" in Ilmenau. It displays the time by liquid column
The classic form of time display (also: Indication) is analogous with countdown clock hands on a dial. Early mechanical countdown clocks had only an hour hand, only in 1700 were the minutes and the seconds hand introduced.
The dial is usually a circular or rectangular plate of metal, wood or glass. Then the chapter ring is painted, printed or engraved and usually divided into 12 hours. In many watches the minute and hour markers are placed on the dial. The hands are usually located centrally, but it can also be sub-dials or cutouts for additional displays to be present. In particular, the astronomical countdown clocks inspire through a plethora of different ads.
The dial was and is a face of the countdown clock particularly subjected to the intended purpose and the fashionable taste. Particularly striking and often creatively reduced dials are used for example for models with technical applications that require high visibility. As examples, the Pilot's Watch and the diver's watch or the precision pendulum may be mentioned. Particularly in the modern wristwatch use the manufacturer the opportunity to distinguish themselves by special dial design and additional displays from other manufacturers. In general, the direction of rotation of the pointer is right-handed, which mimics the apparent path of the sun across the sky in the Northern Hemisphere, and thus the course of the shadow of a gnomon (staff) of a sundial. Of which is derived the term "countdown clockwise" from.
In the 19th Century saw the first draft gear countdown clocks, time numeric display with a fall leaf display. A significant spread of this form of display but learned only with the digital distribution (of English: digit, digit, but as opposites concept for analog display of hand watch.). It appears in sight, only the current time. Other digital displays are watches that have the time specified in words, are eg the Qlocktwo - than inside it, conventional movements or computer countdown clocks indicate the countdown clock Or the time specification is acoustically (eg, as a countdown clock for the visually impaired such as. for telephone time announcement) or a text box.
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